What is an aortic aneurysm?

An aortic aneurysm involves the aorta, one of the large arteries through which blood passes from the heart to the rest of the body. The aorta bulges at the site of the aneurysm like a weak spot on an old worn tire.

cholestyramine (Questran) DRUG

Drug Class: Bile acid sequestrantsPrescription: YesGeneric: YesPreparations: Powder
Prescribed for: Cholestyramine (Questran) is used for reducing cholesterol levels in the blood, to relieve the itching of liver and biliary disease, and to treat overdoses of digoxin or thyroid hormone.
Side effects: The most common side effects are constipation, abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and excessive passage of gas (flatulence). Long-term use of cholestyramine may cause a deficiency of vitamins A, D, E, and K.

What are cholesterol absorption inhibitors?

This relatively new class of cholesterol-lowering medication works by preventing the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine. Selective cholesterol absorption inhibitors are most effective at lowering the LDL (bad) cholesterol but may also have modest effects on lowering triglycerides (blood fats), and raising HDL (good) cholesterol.

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Normal Laboratory Values

Red Blood Cells
RBC (Male)
4.2 - 5.6 M/µL
RBC (Female)
3.8 - 5.1 M/µL
RBC (Child)
3.5 - 5.0 M/µL

White Blood Cells
WBC (Male)
3.8 - 11.0 K / mm cubed
WBC (Female)
3.8 - 11.0 K / mm cubed
WBC (Child)
5.0 - 10.0 K / mm cubed

Hemoglobin
Hgb (Male)
14 - 18 g/dL
Hgb (Female)
11 - 16 g/dL
Hgb (child)
10 - 14 g/dL
Hgb (Newborn)
15 - 25 g/dL

Hematocrit
Hct (Male)
39 - 54%
Hct (Female)
34 - 47%
Hct (Child)
30 - 42%
MCV
78 - 98 fL
MCH
27 - 35 pg
MCHC
31 - 37%
Neutrophils
50 - 81%
Bands
1 - 5%
Lymphocytes
14 - 44%
Monocytes
2 - 6%
Eosinophils
1 - 5%
Basophils
0 - 1%

CARDIAC MARKERS
Troponin I
0 - 0.1 ng/ml (onset: 4-6 hrs, peak: 12-24 hrs, return to normal: 4-7 days)
Troponin T
0 - 0.2 ng/ml (onset: 3-4 hrs, peak: 10-24 hrs, return to normal: 10-14 days)
Myoglobin (Male)
10 - 95 ng/ml (onset: 1-3 hrs, peak: 6-10 hrs, return to normal: 12-24 hrs)
Myoglobin (Female)
10 - 65 ng/ml (onset: 1-3 hrs, peak: 6-10 hrs, return to normal: 12-24 hrs)

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Acetone
0.3 - 2.0 mg%
Albumin
3.5 - 5.0 gm/dL
Alkaline Phosphatase
32 - 110 U/L
Anion gap
5 - 16 mEq/L
Ammonia
11 - 35 µmol/L
Amylase
50 - 150 U/dL
AST, SGOT (Male)
7 - 21 U/L
AST, SGOT (Female)
6 - 18 U/L
Bilirubin, Direct
0.0 - 0.4 mg/dL
Bilirubin, Indirect
total minus direct
Bilirubin, Total
0.2 - 1.4 mg/dL
BUN
6 - 23 mg/dL
Calcium (total)
8 - 11 mg/dL
Carbon dioxide
21 - 34 mEq/L
Carbon monoxide
symptoms at greater than or equal to 10% saturation
Chloride
96 - 112 mEq/L
Creatine (Male)
0.2 - 0.6 mg/dL
Creatine (Female)
0.6 - 1.0 mg/dL
Creatinine
0.6 - 1.5 mg/dL
Ethanol
0 mg%; Coma: greater than or equal to 400 - 500 mg%
Folic acid
2.0 - 21 ng/mL
Glucose
70 - 110 mg/dL (diuresis greater than or equal to 180 mg/dL)
HDL (Male)
25 - 65 mg/dL
HDL (Female)
38 - 94 mg/dL
Iron
52 - 169 µg/dL
Iron binding capacity
246 - 455 µg/dL
Lactic acid
0.4 - 2.3 mEq/L
Lactate
0.3 - 2.3 mEq/L
Lipase
10 - 140 U/L
Magnesium
1.5 - 2.5 mg/dL
Osmolarity
276 - 295 mOsm/kg
Parathyroid hormone
12 - 68 pg/mL
Phosphorus
2.2 - 4.8 mg/dL
Potassium
3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Protein (total)
6.0 - 9.0 gm/dL
SGPT
8 - 32 U/L
Sodium
135 - 148 mEq/L
T3
0.8 - 1.1 µg/dL
Thyroglobulin
Less than 55 ng/mL
Thyroxine (T4) total
5 - 13 µg/dL
Total protein
5 - 9 gm/dL
TSH
Less than 9 µU/mL
Urea nitrogen
8 - 25 mg/dL
Uric acid (Male)
3.5 - 7.7 mg/dL
Uric acid (Female)
2.5 - 6.6 mg/dL

LIPID PANEL (ADULT)
Cholesterol (total)
Less than 200 mg/dL desirable
Cholesterol (HDL)
30 - 75 mg/dL
Cholesterol (LDL)
Less than 130 mg/dL desirable
Triglycerides (Male)
Greater than 40 - 170 mg/dL
Triglycerides (Female)
Greater than 35 - 135 mg/dL

URINE
Color
Straw
Specific Gravity
1.003 - 1.040
pH
4.6 - 8.0
Na
10 - 40 mEq/L
K
Less than 8 mEq/L
Cl
Less than 8 mEq/L
Protein
1 - 15 mg/dL
Osmolality
80 - 1300 mOsm/L

24 HOUR URINE
Amylase
250 - 1100 IU / 24 hr
Calcium
100 - 250 mg / 24 hr
Chloride
110 - 250 mEq / 24 hr
Creatinine
1 - 2 g / 24 hr
Creatine Clearance (Male)
100 - 140 mL / min
Creatine Clearance (Male)
16 - 26 mg / kg / 24 hr
Creatine Clearance (Female)
80 - 130 mL / min
Creatine Clearance (Female)
10 - 20 mg / kg / 24 hr
Magnesium
6 - 9 mEq / 24 hr
Osmolality
450 - 900 mOsm / kg
Phosphorus
0.9 - 1.3 g / 24 hr
Potassium
35 - 85 mEq / 24 hr
Protein
0 - 150 mg / 24 hr
Sodium
30 - 280 mEq / 24 hr
Urea nitrogen
10 - 22 gm / 24 hr
Uric acid
240 - 755 mg / 24 hr

COAGULATION
ACT
90 - 130 seconds
APTT
21 - 35 seconds
Platelets
140,000 - 450,000 / ml
Plasminogen
62 - 130%
PT
10 - 14 seconds
PTT
32 - 45 seconds
FSP
Less than 10 µg/dL
Fibrinogen
160 - 450 mg/dL
Bleeding time
3 - 7 minutes
Thrombin time
11 - 15 seconds

CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
Appearance
Clear
Glucose
40 - 85 mg/dL
Osmolality
290 - 298 mOsm/L
Pressure
70 - 180 mm/H2O
Protein
15 - 45 mg/dL
Total cell count
0 - 5 cells
WBC's
0 - 6 / µL

HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
Cardiac Index
2.5 - 4.2 L / min / m squared
Cardiac Output
4 - 8 LPM
Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index
40 - 70 g / m squared / beat
Mean Arterial Pressure
70 - 105 mm Hg
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
155 - 255 dynes / sec / cm to the negative 5
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Index
255 – 285 dynes / sec / cm to the negative 5
Right Ventricular Stroke Work Index
7 - 12 g / m squared / beat
Stroke Volume
60 - 100 mL / beat
Stroke Volume Index
40 - 85 mL / m squared / beat
Systemic Vascular Resistance
900 - 1600 dynes / sec / cm to the negative 5
Systemic Vascular Resistance Index
1970 - 2390 dynes / sec / cm to the negative 5
Systolic Arterial Pressure
90 - 140 mm Hg
Diastolic Arterial Pressure
60 - 90 mm Hg
Central Venous Pressure
2 - 6 mm Hg; 2.5 - 12 cm H2O
Ejection Fraction
60 - 75%
Left Arterial Pressure
4 - 12 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Systolic
15 - 30 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Diastolic
5 - 15 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Pressure
10 - 20 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure
4 - 12 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery End Diastolic Pressure
8 - 10 mm Hg
Right Atrial Pressure
4 - 6 mm Hg
Right Ventricular End Diastolic Pressure
0 - 8 mm Hg

NEUROLOGICAL VALUES
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
70 - 90 mm Hg
Intracranial Pressure
5 - 15 mm Hg or 5 - 10 cm H2O

ARTERIAL VALUES
pH
7.35 - 7.45
PaCO2
35 - 45 mm Hg
HCO3
22 - 26 mEq/L
O2 sat
96 - 100%
PaO2
85 - 100 mm Hg
BE
-2 to +2 mmol/L

VENOUS VALUES
pH
7.31 - 7.41
PaCO2
41 - 51 mm Hg
HCO3
22 - 29 mEq/L
O2 sat
60 - 85%
PaO2
30 - 40 mm Hg
BE
0 to +4 mmol/L