What is an aortic aneurysm?

An aortic aneurysm involves the aorta, one of the large arteries through which blood passes from the heart to the rest of the body. The aorta bulges at the site of the aneurysm like a weak spot on an old worn tire.

cholestyramine (Questran) DRUG

Drug Class: Bile acid sequestrantsPrescription: YesGeneric: YesPreparations: Powder
Prescribed for: Cholestyramine (Questran) is used for reducing cholesterol levels in the blood, to relieve the itching of liver and biliary disease, and to treat overdoses of digoxin or thyroid hormone.
Side effects: The most common side effects are constipation, abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and excessive passage of gas (flatulence). Long-term use of cholestyramine may cause a deficiency of vitamins A, D, E, and K.

What are cholesterol absorption inhibitors?

This relatively new class of cholesterol-lowering medication works by preventing the absorption of cholesterol from the intestine. Selective cholesterol absorption inhibitors are most effective at lowering the LDL (bad) cholesterol but may also have modest effects on lowering triglycerides (blood fats), and raising HDL (good) cholesterol.

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Normal Laboratory Values

Red Blood Cells
RBC (Male)
4.2 - 5.6 M/µL
RBC (Female)
3.8 - 5.1 M/µL
RBC (Child)
3.5 - 5.0 M/µL

White Blood Cells
WBC (Male)
3.8 - 11.0 K / mm cubed
WBC (Female)
3.8 - 11.0 K / mm cubed
WBC (Child)
5.0 - 10.0 K / mm cubed

Hemoglobin
Hgb (Male)
14 - 18 g/dL
Hgb (Female)
11 - 16 g/dL
Hgb (child)
10 - 14 g/dL
Hgb (Newborn)
15 - 25 g/dL

Hematocrit
Hct (Male)
39 - 54%
Hct (Female)
34 - 47%
Hct (Child)
30 - 42%
MCV
78 - 98 fL
MCH
27 - 35 pg
MCHC
31 - 37%
Neutrophils
50 - 81%
Bands
1 - 5%
Lymphocytes
14 - 44%
Monocytes
2 - 6%
Eosinophils
1 - 5%
Basophils
0 - 1%

CARDIAC MARKERS
Troponin I
0 - 0.1 ng/ml (onset: 4-6 hrs, peak: 12-24 hrs, return to normal: 4-7 days)
Troponin T
0 - 0.2 ng/ml (onset: 3-4 hrs, peak: 10-24 hrs, return to normal: 10-14 days)
Myoglobin (Male)
10 - 95 ng/ml (onset: 1-3 hrs, peak: 6-10 hrs, return to normal: 12-24 hrs)
Myoglobin (Female)
10 - 65 ng/ml (onset: 1-3 hrs, peak: 6-10 hrs, return to normal: 12-24 hrs)

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Acetone
0.3 - 2.0 mg%
Albumin
3.5 - 5.0 gm/dL
Alkaline Phosphatase
32 - 110 U/L
Anion gap
5 - 16 mEq/L
Ammonia
11 - 35 µmol/L
Amylase
50 - 150 U/dL
AST, SGOT (Male)
7 - 21 U/L
AST, SGOT (Female)
6 - 18 U/L
Bilirubin, Direct
0.0 - 0.4 mg/dL
Bilirubin, Indirect
total minus direct
Bilirubin, Total
0.2 - 1.4 mg/dL
BUN
6 - 23 mg/dL
Calcium (total)
8 - 11 mg/dL
Carbon dioxide
21 - 34 mEq/L
Carbon monoxide
symptoms at greater than or equal to 10% saturation
Chloride
96 - 112 mEq/L
Creatine (Male)
0.2 - 0.6 mg/dL
Creatine (Female)
0.6 - 1.0 mg/dL
Creatinine
0.6 - 1.5 mg/dL
Ethanol
0 mg%; Coma: greater than or equal to 400 - 500 mg%
Folic acid
2.0 - 21 ng/mL
Glucose
70 - 110 mg/dL (diuresis greater than or equal to 180 mg/dL)
HDL (Male)
25 - 65 mg/dL
HDL (Female)
38 - 94 mg/dL
Iron
52 - 169 µg/dL
Iron binding capacity
246 - 455 µg/dL
Lactic acid
0.4 - 2.3 mEq/L
Lactate
0.3 - 2.3 mEq/L
Lipase
10 - 140 U/L
Magnesium
1.5 - 2.5 mg/dL
Osmolarity
276 - 295 mOsm/kg
Parathyroid hormone
12 - 68 pg/mL
Phosphorus
2.2 - 4.8 mg/dL
Potassium
3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Protein (total)
6.0 - 9.0 gm/dL
SGPT
8 - 32 U/L
Sodium
135 - 148 mEq/L
T3
0.8 - 1.1 µg/dL
Thyroglobulin
Less than 55 ng/mL
Thyroxine (T4) total
5 - 13 µg/dL
Total protein
5 - 9 gm/dL
TSH
Less than 9 µU/mL
Urea nitrogen
8 - 25 mg/dL
Uric acid (Male)
3.5 - 7.7 mg/dL
Uric acid (Female)
2.5 - 6.6 mg/dL

LIPID PANEL (ADULT)
Cholesterol (total)
Less than 200 mg/dL desirable
Cholesterol (HDL)
30 - 75 mg/dL
Cholesterol (LDL)
Less than 130 mg/dL desirable
Triglycerides (Male)
Greater than 40 - 170 mg/dL
Triglycerides (Female)
Greater than 35 - 135 mg/dL

URINE
Color
Straw
Specific Gravity
1.003 - 1.040
pH
4.6 - 8.0
Na
10 - 40 mEq/L
K
Less than 8 mEq/L
Cl
Less than 8 mEq/L
Protein
1 - 15 mg/dL
Osmolality
80 - 1300 mOsm/L

24 HOUR URINE
Amylase
250 - 1100 IU / 24 hr
Calcium
100 - 250 mg / 24 hr
Chloride
110 - 250 mEq / 24 hr
Creatinine
1 - 2 g / 24 hr
Creatine Clearance (Male)
100 - 140 mL / min
Creatine Clearance (Male)
16 - 26 mg / kg / 24 hr
Creatine Clearance (Female)
80 - 130 mL / min
Creatine Clearance (Female)
10 - 20 mg / kg / 24 hr
Magnesium
6 - 9 mEq / 24 hr
Osmolality
450 - 900 mOsm / kg
Phosphorus
0.9 - 1.3 g / 24 hr
Potassium
35 - 85 mEq / 24 hr
Protein
0 - 150 mg / 24 hr
Sodium
30 - 280 mEq / 24 hr
Urea nitrogen
10 - 22 gm / 24 hr
Uric acid
240 - 755 mg / 24 hr

COAGULATION
ACT
90 - 130 seconds
APTT
21 - 35 seconds
Platelets
140,000 - 450,000 / ml
Plasminogen
62 - 130%
PT
10 - 14 seconds
PTT
32 - 45 seconds
FSP
Less than 10 µg/dL
Fibrinogen
160 - 450 mg/dL
Bleeding time
3 - 7 minutes
Thrombin time
11 - 15 seconds

CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
Appearance
Clear
Glucose
40 - 85 mg/dL
Osmolality
290 - 298 mOsm/L
Pressure
70 - 180 mm/H2O
Protein
15 - 45 mg/dL
Total cell count
0 - 5 cells
WBC's
0 - 6 / µL

HEMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS
Cardiac Index
2.5 - 4.2 L / min / m squared
Cardiac Output
4 - 8 LPM
Left Ventricular Stroke Work Index
40 - 70 g / m squared / beat
Mean Arterial Pressure
70 - 105 mm Hg
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
155 - 255 dynes / sec / cm to the negative 5
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Index
255 – 285 dynes / sec / cm to the negative 5
Right Ventricular Stroke Work Index
7 - 12 g / m squared / beat
Stroke Volume
60 - 100 mL / beat
Stroke Volume Index
40 - 85 mL / m squared / beat
Systemic Vascular Resistance
900 - 1600 dynes / sec / cm to the negative 5
Systemic Vascular Resistance Index
1970 - 2390 dynes / sec / cm to the negative 5
Systolic Arterial Pressure
90 - 140 mm Hg
Diastolic Arterial Pressure
60 - 90 mm Hg
Central Venous Pressure
2 - 6 mm Hg; 2.5 - 12 cm H2O
Ejection Fraction
60 - 75%
Left Arterial Pressure
4 - 12 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Systolic
15 - 30 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Diastolic
5 - 15 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Pressure
10 - 20 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure
4 - 12 mm Hg
Pulmonary Artery End Diastolic Pressure
8 - 10 mm Hg
Right Atrial Pressure
4 - 6 mm Hg
Right Ventricular End Diastolic Pressure
0 - 8 mm Hg

NEUROLOGICAL VALUES
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
70 - 90 mm Hg
Intracranial Pressure
5 - 15 mm Hg or 5 - 10 cm H2O

ARTERIAL VALUES
pH
7.35 - 7.45
PaCO2
35 - 45 mm Hg
HCO3
22 - 26 mEq/L
O2 sat
96 - 100%
PaO2
85 - 100 mm Hg
BE
-2 to +2 mmol/L

VENOUS VALUES
pH
7.31 - 7.41
PaCO2
41 - 51 mm Hg
HCO3
22 - 29 mEq/L
O2 sat
60 - 85%
PaO2
30 - 40 mm Hg
BE
0 to +4 mmol/L

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION - Normal values.

BP 120/80 125/84 T 98.6 Wt. 150
P 68/reg 70/reg R 14/nm. Ht. 5110H
General: Well-developed, well-nourished male, appearing stated age, no acute distress.
Skin & Hair: Warm, dry, with good turgor, No abnormal pigmentation, rash, or other lesions. Hair normal texture and distributon.
Head: Normocephalic without scalp lesions. No facial asymmetry. No sinus tenderness. No parotid or submaxillary gland enlargement or tenderness.
Eyes: No en- or exophthalmos, strabismus, or nystagmus. No ptosis, edema, or lesions of lids. No lid lag. Conjunctivae and sclerae moist without jaundice or suffusion. Cornea and anterior chamber clear. Pupils equal round, react to light and accommodation. (PERRLA)Fundi-Disc margins sharp with physiologic cupping. A/V ratio 2/3 with sharp vessel crossings. Macula clear. No hemorrhages or exudates.
Ears: No external tenderness or lesions of pinnae. Canals patent without inflammation. Tympanic membranes intact with normal light reflex and landmarks.
Nose: No deformity. Nares patent. Mucous membranes pink without discharge, hypertrophy, polyps, or other lesions. No septal deviation.
Mouth and Throat: Lips without lesions. Mucous membranes pink without inflammation or lesions. Tongue normal size and papillation. Tonsils absent. Good dental hygiene. Gingiva pink without hypertrophy.
Neck: Supple with full range of motion. No masses or tenderness. Jugular veins fill to posterior border of SCM at 30 degrees. Trachea midline. Thyroid not palpable.
Lymph Nodes: No anterior or posterior cervical, occipital, supraclavicular, axillary, epitrochlear, inguinal, or popliteal nodes palpable.
Chest & Lungs: Respiratory excursions full and symmetrical. No increase in A-P diameter. Normal tactile fremitus). Lungs resonant to percussion. Vesicular breath sounds throughout peripheral lung fields. Vocal fremitus normal. No rales, ronchi, wheezes, or rubs.

Accu-Chek

Accu-Chek is the brand of blood sugar-testing devices manufactured by Roche Diagnostics, largely for the diabetic market. Kits consist of an electronic monitor which measures blood-sugar via inserted one-time-use "strips" and a lancet device which fires a sharp needle marginally through the epidermis of the finger in order to allow a small amount of blood to be squeezed onto the strip in the monitor.

AML - Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
AMS - Altered Mental Status; Acute Mountain Sickness
ANC - Absolute Neutrophil Count
AND - Axillary Node Dissection
ANGIO - Angiography
A&O - Alert And Oriented
AP - Anterior-Posterior A/P - Assessment and Plan
APC - Atrial Premature Contraction
APD - Afferent Pupillary Defect
APPY - Appendectomy
APS - Adult Protective Services
ARB - Angiotensin Receptor Blocker
ARDS - Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
ARF - Acute Renal Failure
AS - Aortic Stenosis; also Ankylosing Spondylitis
ASA - Aspirin
ASD - Atrial Septal Defect
ASU - Ambulatory Surgery Unit
ATN - Acute Tubular Necrosis
A/V Nicking - Arteriolar/Venous Nicking A/V Ratio - Arteriolar/Venous Ratio AVF- Arterio-Venous Fistula
AVM - Arterial Venous Malformation
AVN - Avascular Necrosis; Atrio-Ventricular
AVNRT - Atrio-Ventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia
AVR - Aortic Valve Replacment

Commonly Used Abbreviations By Doctors

AA - Alcoholics Anonymous; African American Aa - Alveolar Arterial gradient
AAA - Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
AB - Antibody; also Abortion
ABD - Abdomen
ABG - Arterial Blood Gas
ABI - Ankle Brachial Index
ABPA - Allergic Broncho Pulmonary Aspergillosis
ABX - Antibiotics
AC - Anterior Chamber; also Acromio-Clavicular and Before Meals
ACE-I - Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor
ACL - Anterior Cruciate Ligament
ACLS - Advanced Cardiac Life Support
ACS - Acute Coronary Syndrome
AD LIB - As Desired
ADA - American Diabetes Association - Attention Deficit Disorder
ADE - Adverse Drug Effect
ADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
ADL - Activities of Daily Living
ADR - Adverse Drug Reaction
ADTP - Alcohol and Drug Treatment Program
AED - Automatic External Defibrillator; Anti-Epileptic Drug
AF - Atrial Fibrillation; Afebrile
AFB - Acid Fast Bacterium
AFP - Alpha Fetoprotein
AGN - Antigen
AI - Aortic Insufficiency
AIDS - Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome
AIN - Acute Interstitial Nephritis
AK - Actinic Keratosis
AKA - Above Knee Amputation
ALL - Allergies; also Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; also Advanced Life Support
AMA - Against Medical Advice; American Medical Association
AMD - Aging Macular Degeneration
AMI - Acute Myocardial Infarction; Anterior Myocardial Infarction
A-MIBI - Adenosine MIBI

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Clinical Blunders Made By Students.

1st yr blunders-------

1) Dr (pointing towards d soft tissue shadow in an xray of the hand)-- "what is this"Student---"Mam....Its the patient's glove"

2) Biochemistry......spotting....student is shown Folin vu tube---- Student writes down--- FALLOPIAN TUBE!!!

Medical Transcription bloopers

Medical Transcription Bloopers:..===================== Hello Just For Fun...... The patient is a 15-year-old woman who comes with a history of chronic runny nose for 20 years... Reflexes in the upper extremities are normal and symmetrical. Lower extremities show an absent right ankle compared to the left... ALLERGIC to MORPHINE, VALIUM, and her RELATIVES... Fracture to the proximal phalanx of the right fourth toe on the right fifth foot... She will now be living with father and strep-mother... She reports that, since the auto accident, the pain in her low back is much improved... He also has external hemorrhoids, which he says he likes to keep to himself... Eat before the meal... She smokes one glass of alcohol per week... The patient has complaints of problems maintaining an erection for over a year... On the second day, the knee was better and on the third day it had completely disappeared... The patient has been depressed ever since she began seeing me in 2000...

What is Medical Transcription?

Medical Transcription is the process of converting voice dictation (typically either cassette or digital format) into a permanent written record utilizing word processing equipment and software.